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  • Trace Arsenic Analysis
    Arsenic Speciation Analysis
    Arsenic Speciation in Rice
    Arsenic Speciation in Clams
    Arsenic Speciation in Algae
    Arsenic Speciatin in Kelp
    Arsenic Speciation in Milk
    Arsenic Speciation in Soil
    Arsenic Speciation in Plants
    Arsenic Speciation of FGD Influent
    Arsenic Speciation in Constructed Wetlands
    Arsenic Speciation in Agricultural Runoff
    Arsenic Speciation in Groundwater
    Arsenic Speciation in Lake and River Water
    Arsenic Speciation in Poultry Litter
    Arsenic Speciation in Blood Serum
    Arsenic Speciation in Urine
    Arsenic Speciation in Brain Matter
    Arsenic Speciation in Nutraceuticals
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  • Trace Selenium Analysis
    Selenium Speciation Analysis
    Selenium Speciation in FGD Wastewater
    Selenium Speciation in yeast
    Selenium Speciation of Fish eggs
    Selenium Speciation of Soil
    Selenium Speciation of Blood Serum
    Selenium Speciation of Urine
    Selenium Speciation of Agricultural Runoff
    Selenium Speciation of Oil Refinery Wastewater
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  • Trace Total Mercury Analysis
    Mercury Speciation of River Water
    Mercury Speciation of Lake Water
    Mercury Speciation of Soil
    Mercury Speciation of Tissue
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  • Hexavalent Chromium
    EPA Method 6800 (SIDMS)
    Hexavalent Chromium in Soils
    Hexavalent Chromium in Sediments
    Hexavalent Chromium in Pharmaceuticals
    Hexavalent Chromium in Neutraceuticals
    Hexavalent Chromium in Fish
    Hexavalent Chromium in Cosmetics
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  • Thallium Speciation of Pond Water
    Thallium Speciation of Tissue
    Vanadium Speciation of Pond Water
    Manganese Speciation of Groundwater
    Metal Cyanide Speciation Analysis of Mine Runoff
    Total Cyanide Analysis of FGD Wastewater
    Available Cyanide Analysis of FGD Wastewater



 

 

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Chromium is a naturally occurring metal found in small quantities associated with other metals, particularly iron. It is commonly used for making steel and other alloys, bricks in furnaces, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preserving. Due to its extensive use in industrial processes, large quantities of chromium compounds are discharged into the environment. Although chromium can exist in all oxidation states from 0 to VI, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are the most prevalent. Even though trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient, hexavalent chromium is a known mutagen and carcinogen and is more soluble and therefore, more mobile than Cr(III). There is a need for lower detection limits because public awareness of hexavalent chromium has increased recently and the US National Water Quality Criteria for hexavalent chromium in freshwaters is set at 11 ppb (µg/L). More regulations on hexavalent chromium are expected in the future. In addition, for better risk assessment, treatment, and remediation studies, an accurate trace value can be more valuable than a nondetect from a method that only has a detection limit in the sub-ppm range (EPA Method 7196A). Accurate determination of hexavalent chromium at ng/L levels is a major challenge because the existing methods are neither not selective or not sensitive enough. For instance, the colorimetric determination of hexavalent chromium is prone to interferences from molybdenum and vanadium. Anion chromatography is used in EPA Method 7199 (1636) to separate hexavalent chromium from the matrix. In that method, hexavalent chromium is determined spectrophotometrically after a post column reaction with diphenylcarbazide. Even though most of the problems mentioned above are avoided with this technique, there are still problems when permanganate is present in the samples.  

Determination of chromium by conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry alone has various limitations due to the formation of 40Ar12C+ and 37Cl16O+ in the plasma in the presence of carbon and chlorine. Therefore, samples high in chloride, carbonate, or organic matter usually produce results with positive bias, making accurate quantitation extremely difficult. By employing the DRC technology, most of these interferences are completely eliminated allowing us to achieve sub-ppt detection limits for hexavalent chromium. Spectrophotometric methods described above only use retention times for identification and anything absorbing at the same wavelength can produce a peak. In IC-ICP-DRC-MS technique, on the other hand, chromium is identified using its unique isotopic abundance ratio ( 52Cr/ 53Cr) in addition to retention times. Therefore, false positives or negatives are completely eliminated in this technique .

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Applied Speciation and Consulting 2009